model checker, Software, static analysis, validation, verification

Embedded Software Testing, Validation, and Verification

Udit kumar agarwal / September 14, 2019

Embedded software, unlike general software, is highly dependent on the hardware they are developed for. Thus it became essential to create a hardware-based or hardware-like environment simultaneously with the software for effective testing. Where simulators and emulators can, up to some extent, provide a hardware-like environment for testing embedded software, they can not always be relied upon while testing for safety-critical applications like flight control system. It is this, high dependency on hardware, which makes testing, verification, and validation of embedded Softwares far more demanding than of general software. Moreover, several safety-critical embedded systems are also strictly real-time, or at…

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BTP, memristor, Software

Tutorial: CMOS-Memristor based Neural Networks

Udit kumar agarwal / August 1, 2019

AIM: To simulate a fully functional 2 layer CMOS-Memristor-based neural network for classification of benign and malign cancer. Description: The circuit-based neural network achieved an accuracy of 94.85% compared to the 96.71% accuracy of the original network. The trained weights were programmed onto the weight blocks of the memristor bridge in this neural network. Training of neural network was done on MATLAB and then weights were extracted and accordingly memristor-bridge weight blocks were configured. In the memristor-bridge circuit, currently resistors were used but they can be replaced with memristors. For activation function, we used ReLu (Rectified Linear Unit) and in…

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OS, Software

Case Study: Symbian OS

Udit kumar agarwal / June 1, 2019

Content Introduction Historical Development Applications Versions Type of OS Kernel in Symbian OS Architectural design of symbian OS Threads Language supported Deadlock handling File Handling Security Issues User interface User Application development environment Process synchronization Resource management INTRODUCTION Symbian is a mobile operating system developed for smartphones that were originally used for Handheld PCs. By variety of major brands like Samsung, Motorola, and by Nokia. It popular OS till 2010 as replaced by android. Symbian consists variety of layers which prominently include the User Interface Framework, Application Services, Operating System Services, Base Services, Kernel Services, and Hardware Interface. The core…

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BTP, memristor

CMOS-Memristor Hybrid Circuit for Edge Detection using NI Multisim and MATLAB

Udit kumar agarwal / April 3, 2019

Hello, In this post, we will have a look at the following: Setting up 180nm/100nm MOSFET Models in Multisim Setting up a memristor model in NI MULTISIM A CMOS-Memristor hybrid circuit for edge detection Using MATLAB for image analysis NI Multisim is an excellent tool for simulation of both analog and digital circuits. One reason I like it over LTSpice or PSpice is the ease with which one can simulate mixed-signal circuitry. Using Multisim along with MATLAB allows conversion of image(pixel by pixel) to its a corresponding discrete voltage signal and vice versa. We can import PSPICE models to multisim…

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BTP, memristor, Software

An Investigation into Neuromorphic ICs using Memristor-CMOS Hybrid Circuits

Udit kumar agarwal / April 1, 2019

Hi All, In this blog post, I’ve just copy-pasted my BTech Major project’s report. I hope someone will find this useful. You can also refer to the PDF of this blog post (Link), if you prefer that. Have Fun! ABSTRACT Memristors are passive two-terminal devices that behave similarly to variable resistors. The memristance of a memristor depends on the amount of charge flowing through it, and when the current stops flowing through it, it remembers the state. Thus, memristors are extremely suited for the implementation of memory units. Memristors find great application in neuromorphic circuits as it is possible to…

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IOT, Software, Wireless

Using cellular technology within different IOT scenarios(Part-2)

Udit kumar agarwal / March 10, 2019

This blog post is essentially a summary of my presentation(which can be found here) on application and deployment of 5G within IoT scenarios. which revolves around the following publication: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7397856 In this part of post(previous part : link) we will have a look at: Various Radio Access Technologies within 5G Various Radio Access Networks used in 5G + IoT scenario 5G IOT architectures: OneM2M and SmartM2M So, as mentioned in previous post,RAT is the underlying physical connection method for a radio based communication network like Wifi, bluetooth etc. while RAN is part of a mobile telecommunication system. It implements a…

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IOT, Software, Wireless

Using cellular technology within different IOT scenarios(Part-1)

Udit kumar agarwal / March 9, 2019

This blog post is essentially a summary of my presentation(which can be found here) on application and deployment of 5G within IoT scenarios. which revolves around the following publication: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7397856 Content Some basic terminologies Types of IOTs and their requirements MTC Technical requirements IOT communication technologies and their key performance indicator IOT enablers : What all features do we want in 4G-E and 5G for IOT?(Part-2) 5G IOT architectures- SmartM2M and OneM2M (Part-2) Keywords 3GPP – 3rd Generation Partnership Project – The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications standards associations, known as the Organizational…

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BTP, Hardware, memristor

Memristors: Models, Window Functions, and their SPICE Simulations

Udit kumar agarwal / January 9, 2019

This post mainly covers different famous memristor models, window functions along with their SPICE simulations(done on LTSPICE). The window function is used to add non-linearity at the boundaries. In contrast, Models are used to establish a linear/non-linear relationship between the rate of state change and the stimulus (current/voltage). Content: Models Linear Non-linear Threshold Macro-model Window functions Properties of window functions Types of window functions: Struckov Benderli Joglekar Biolek Prodomakis Jinxiang SPICE simulations Memristor Models Linear Ion drift Model (Ideal Model) In this model, there exists a linear relationship between the state derivative and the stimuli(Voltage/Current). It assumes that vacancies have…

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BTP, Hardware, memristor

Memristors : Motivation, Theory, and Feasibility

Udit kumar agarwal / October 2, 2018

Memristors, the fourth missing element after Inductance, Resistance, and capacitance, is nowadays a scorching topic of research among the electronics community. A large number of papers on its models, applications, and feasibility are now available. In this post, I’ll try to cover most of its background research: Content:- Introduction What are memristors? Characteristics of a memristor Transistor vs. memristor The polarity of a memristor and an analogy Memristor links to chaos theory?[TBD] Motivation well-known problems with present-day computers limitations of CMOS technology Moore’s soul at unrest Theory History Before HP After HP HP’s model Memristive systems Problems with Chua’s memristor…

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File system, RTEMS, RTOS, Software

Setting up YAFFS2 and JFFS2 on RTEMS with Flash Simulated on a RAM-Disk

Udit kumar agarwal / August 7, 2018

Hi all, In this post, we’ll look forward to setting up flash file systems namely JFFS2 and YAFFS2 on RTEMS with flash simulated on a RAM-disk. For file system benchmarking purposes, we didn’t actually use them on a real flash(as to eliminate the effect of flash driver’s performance) but implementing them on a real flash won’t be very different from the process given in the later sections of this post. So, let’s begin with JFFS2 first: JFFS2 on RTEMS First reference you will see is of testsuites/fstests/jffs2_support/fs_support.c . Configuration here works up to a large extent unless the size of…

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